Humanized mouse models can mimic the human immune system, making
them useful in the investigation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and
the development of therapeutic strategies. These models bridge the gap between
murine and human immunology, providing critical preclinical insights into
disease mechanisms. This review comprehensively surveys the methodologies used
to generate humanized mouse models of multiple systemic autoimmune diseases,
including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid
arthritis, and Sj?gren’s syndrome, as well as of various neurological and
non-neurological organ-specific autoimmune diseases. We also delineate the
models’ immunological, pathological, and molecular manifestations and discuss
their limitations as well as potential remedies. We advocate for the continuous
refinement of these models to enhance their longevity and fidelity and emphasize
the importance of humanized mouse models in clarifying the complexities of
autoimmune diseases and developing targeted therapies.
